Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
PHYS 220 · Module 1
This module introduces temperature as a measurable sign of thermal equilibrium and a bridge between macroscopic thermodynamics and microscopic motion. Students study the zeroth law, temperature scales, thermometers, thermal expansion, and the main mechanisms of heat transfer.
Lessons in this module
Zeroth law and temperature
The zeroth law defines thermal equilibrium and makes temperature a meaningful measurable quantity. This lesson explains why temperature is not the same as heat and why equilibrium matters.
Temperature scales and thermometers
Temperature scales assign numbers to thermal states. This lesson compares Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, absolute zero, and the physical principles behind thermometers.
Thermal expansion
Most materials change size when temperature changes. This lesson explains linear, area, and volume expansion, microscopic causes, and practical consequences.
Mechanisms of heat transfer
Heat transfer occurs by conduction, convection, and radiation. This lesson explains each mechanism and the equations used to model energy flow.
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